➢ Boolean algebra and logic gates

➢ Combinational and sequential circuits

➢ Finite state machines

➢ Timing and clocking concepts

➢ Verilog or VHDL syntax and constructs

➢ Behavioral, structural, and RTL (Register Transfer Level) modeling

➢ Timing and delay modeling

➢ Introduction to chip verification

➢ Verification flow and methodologies (e.g., Universal Verification Methodology - UVM)

➢ Testbench development and verification environments

➢ Testbench architecture and components

➢ Writing and running testbenches

➢ Stimulus generation and checking

➢ Coverage-driven verification

➢ Assertion-based verification

➢ Types of simulation: functional, gate-level, and timing

➢ Waveform analysis and debugging techniques

➢ Testbench and design debugging

➢ Formal verification concepts and techniques

➢ Formal property checking

➢ Model checking and equivalence checking

➢ Coverage metrics and analysis

➢ Code coverage techniques (e.g., statement, branch, and path coverage)

➢ Functional coverage techniques

➢ Acceleration and hardware-assisted verification

➢ Emulation and prototyping

➢ Assertion-based verification (ABV)

➢ Low-power verification techniques

➢ Post-silicon validation and debugging